Ultrasound

Ultrasound is high frequency sound waves, greater than 20,000 Hz. Therapeutic ultrasound is in the frequency range of 0.9 – 3 MHz.
The utilization of ultrasound has been a 20th century phenomenon. In addition to its use by the military to detect submarines, it was also used in the 1930’s for emulsification, and atomization of particles in a gas. Since then, ultrasound has been used therapeutically for its effects of cavitation, stable and unstable bubble formation, and a phenomenon called acoustic streaming or microstreaming.

Ultrasound is used to:

•break up scar tissue and adhesions
•reduce inflammation, swelling and calcium deposits
•create a deep heat to a localized area to ease muscle spasms (much deeper than can be achieved with a hot pack – up to 5 cm)
•increase soft tissue temperature and extensibility prior to stretching and exercise
•facilitate healing at the cellular level
•speed metabolism and improve blood flow
•reduce nerve root irritation
•at low intensities can speed bone healing
•enhance transcutaneous drug delivery by phonophoresis

The main piece of equipment is a high-frequency generator, which provides an electrical current through a cable to a transducer which contains a piezoelectric crystal. This crystal when exposed to the current will vibrate at a given frequency, expanding and contracting, which produces the necessary compression wave. By using a different frequency the therapist can target tissues at different depths for either healing or destruction, or simply use the device to reduce pain. Although simple in principle, the use of ultrasound as a therapeutic modality requires a comprehensive understanding of its effects on the body tissues and of the physical mechanisms by which its effects are produced. The lower the frequency used, the deeper is the penetration of the waves into the body. By varying the frequency from continuous to intermittent, the amount of heat applied can likewise be controlled by the physiotherapist.

For instance, contusions are one of the most frequent and debilitating injuries encountered in sports medicine. Although contusions may be caused by shearing and tension between over-stressed body parts, the most common cause is compression of soft tissue, usually when it is crushed between bone and some hard surface. This almost invariably involves capillary rupture and infiltrative bleeding, followed by edema and inflammation. This usually involves hematoma or “pooling” of blood, and occasionally myositis ossificans can result as a complication if not treated. This is a syndrome in which the body starts laying down painful calcium deposits within the muscle. Quick and effective treatment is crucial in sports injuries. Proper and efficient healing is essential to the health and career of any athlete, regardless of how minor or major the injury. Basic treatment involves the application of ice to contain the immediate inflammation, followed by timely applications of ultrasound to reduce the subsequent edema and further stimulate the healing process.

Ultrasound is effective in treating wounds in both the inflammatory and the proliferative stages. Ultrasound causes a degranulation of mast cells resulting in the release of histamine. Histamine and other chemical mediators released from the mast cell are felt to play a role in attracting neutrophils and monocytes to the injured site. These and other events appear to accelerate the acute inflammatory phase and promote healing.

In the proliferative phase of healing, ultrasound effects fibroblasts and stimulates them to secrete collagen. This accelerates the process of wound contraction and increases the tensile strength of the healing tissue.

Heating with Ultrasound
Connective tissues will elongate better if both heat and stretch are applied. Continuous ultrasound at higher therapeutic intensities provides an effective means of heating deeper tissues prior to stretching them.
Its effectiveness has been enhanced over the years by studies which help determine optimum techniques and patterns of application, and a wide range of injuries have shown to be responsive to this non-invasive therapy.

REFERENCES

Edenbichler G et al (1999) Ultrasound therapy for calcified tendonitis of the shoulder. The New England Journal of Medicine. May 20;340(20):1533-8

Speed CA (2001). Therapeutic ultrasound in soft tissue lesions. Rheumatology, 40(12): 1331–1336

Crawford F (2004). Plantar heel pain and fasciitis. Clinical Evidence (11): 1589–1602

Anderson, M. (1981). Four cases of phantom limb treated with ultrasound. Physical Therapy Review. vol. 38: 419-420.

Nykanen M (1995). Pulsed ultrasound treatment of the painful shoulder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Rehabil Med(27):105–108 Harvey, W, et al (1975) The in vitro stimulation of protein synthesis in human fibroblasts by therapeutic levels of ultrasound. Proceedings of Second Congress of Ultrasonic in Medicine. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 10

Rantanen J, Thorsson O, Wollmer P, et al. (1999) Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on the regeneration of skeletal myofibers after experimental muscle injury, Am J Sports Med 27(1): 54-59

Bierman W (1954). Ultrasound in the treatment of scars. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 35: 209-213.

De Preux T (1952). Ultrasonic wave therapy in osteo-arthritis of the hip joint. British Journal of Physical Medicine, 15(10): 14-19.

McDiarmid T, Burns PN, Lewith GT, Machin D (1985). Ultrasound and the treatment of pressure sores. Physiotherapy, 71(2): 66-70.